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Unions have been compared across countries by growth and decline patterns, by violence levels, and by kinds of political activity. ==Union growth and decline comparisons== In the mid-1950s, 36% of the United States labor force was unionized. At America's union peak in the 1950s, union membership was lower in the United States than in most comparable countries. By 1989, that figure had dropped to about 16%, the lowest percentage of any developed democracy, except France. Union membership for other developed democracies, in 1986/87 were: *95% in Sweden and Denmark. *85% in Finland *Over 60% in Norway and Austria *Over 50% in Australia, Ireland and the United Kingdom. *Over 40% in Italy. *Over 30% in West Germany. In 1987, United States unionization was 37 points below the average of seventeen countries surveyed, down from 17 points below average in 1970.〔 Between 1970 and 1987, union membership declined in only three other countries: Austria, by 3%, Japan, by 7%, and the Netherlands, by 4%. In the United States, union membership had declined by 14%. In 2008, 12.4% of U.S. wage and salary workers were union members. 36.8% of public sector workers were union members, but only 7.6% of workers in private sector industries were.〔 〕 The most unionized sectors of the economy have had the greatest decline in union membership. From 1953 to the late 1980s membership in construction fell from 84% to 22%, manufacturing from 42% to 25%, mining from 65% to 15%, and transportation from 80% to 37%. From 1971 to the late 1980s, there was a 10% drop in union membership in the U.S. public sector and a 42% drop in union membership in the U.S. private sector. For comparison, there was no drop in union membership in the private sector in Sweden. In other countries drops included: 〔Sexton, Taft, Philip and Philip Ross, "American Labor Violence: Its Causes, Character, and Outcome", in Hugh D. Graham and Ted R. Gurr, editors, ''The History of Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives''; Frederick A. Praeger publisher, 1969, ASIN: B00005W22X〕 *2% in Canada, *3% in Norway, *6% in West Germany, *7% in Switzerland, *9% in Austria, *14% in the United Kingdom, *15% in Italy. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「International comparisons of labor unions」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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